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describe the problems african americans faced in the north.

Despite the abolishing of the slavery, and the free movement of the African Americans in the USA, as well as gaining officially most of the rights, they still faced a lot of difficulties.

Thinking that the North would be a much better place for them to live and prosper, lot of African Americans moved in this states. Unfortunately for them, things were not as they imagined. There was worked for them indeed, the problem was that they were given the jobs that were payed less, and were also harder. Also, they were settled in neighborhoods that were not properly urbanized on the edges of the cities, and where the living conditions and the infrastructure were not on adequate level. In general, it turned out that they ended up as unofficial ''slaves'' in the factories, and continued to live in poverty and without any big chance of progress as that was still very limited on racial basis in that period.

porter is writing economic history because he is focusing on the cost of developing vaccines.