Which event is an example of a hortatory, or encouraging, technique?

a. a hefty fine issued for driving more than 10 miles per hour over the speed limit
b. a government program that provides citizens with new job-training opportunities
c. a tax imposed on people who buy motorboats with large, loud engines
d. a sign in a restaurant that states “think before you smoke—secondhand smoke kills”
e. a tax credit that citizens purchase electric or hybrid vehicles