In state court, a losing party can appeal a case if a jury is unable to make a decision. a judge disagrees with a jury’s decision. a precedent does not exist. a higher court agrees to hear it.\

a higher court agrees to hear it.

Explanation:

A judge cannot simply put his will over the jury's decision. He can only throw out the sentence if the sentence is guilty. In the case of the jury not reaching a decision, it becomes a mistrial and mistrials might be appealed.

In a Federal OR State system, you can appeal a loss if "a higher court agrees to hear it."

There is no magic trick to it other than there being a good reason to appeal and not waste the appeals court time.

the conditions that made the byzantine empire vulnerable to attacks by the muslin turks were the sack of constantinople by western crusaders, the conquests of the sultanate of rum, presence of rival kingdoms and finally the set up of fiefdoms at the empire which were owned by the ghazis (turkish warriors).

independent innovation during the abbasid caliphate