Laws are norms enforced
a)the state
b)the subculture
c)the counterculture
d)these norms are not usually enforced

   The state

Explanation:  The state is a political creation for control over a certain territory, a nation, and this control is carried out by the government. In order for a government to be able to control a political community at the state level it must have norms that are enforced through laws. These norms and laws regulate all rules, rights, obligations, literally all the reasons why the state exists - maintenance of order. This is achieved by prescribed norms through the given laws. And such norms must be enforced, otherwise the state loses its sense and function.

necessary and proper clause. the congress shall have power to all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the united states, or in any department or officer thereof.