Which statements explain why the iron industry started in england?

choose all answers that are correct.

a. england needed a new navy with iron-clad ships.

b. england had plentiful supplies of iron ore.

c. england had many forests, providing fuel for the iron industry.

d. english iron makers were able to improve the process of smelting.

e. english iron makers developed ways to shape iron into tools and parts of machines.

The correct answers are B, D and E.

In the beginning, charcoal was used to obtain iron as a source of heat and as a reducing agent. In the eighteenth century, in England, charcoal began to become scarce and expensive, and this led to the start of the use of coke, a fossil fuel, as an alternative. It was first used by Abraham Darby, at the beginning of the 18th century, who built a "blast furnace" in Coalbrookdale. Likewise, coke was used as an energy source in the Industrial Revolution. In this period the iron demand was increasing, for example for its application in railroads.

Towards the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, iron was widely used as a structural element (in bridges, buildings, etc.). Between 1776 to 1779, the first iron smelting bridge was built, by John Wilkinson and Abraham Darby. In England it was used for the first time in the construction of buildings, by Mathew Boulton and James Watt, at the beginning of the 19th century. Other works of that century are also known, for example the Crystal Palace built for the 1851 Universal Exhibition in London, by the architect Joseph Paxton, which had an iron frame.

from thales, who is often considered the first western philosopher, to the stoics and skeptics, ancient greek philosophy opened the doors to a particular way of thinking that provided the roots for the western intellectual tradition. here, there is often an explicit preference for the life of reason and rational thought. we find proto-scientific explanations of the natural world in the milesian thinkers, and we hear democritus posit atoms—indivisible and invisible units—as the basic stuff of all matter. with socrates comes a sustained inquiry into ethical matters—an orientation towards human living and the best life for human beings. with plato comes one of the most creative and flexible ways of doing philosophy, which some have since attempted to imitate by writing philosophical dialogues covering topics still of interest today in ethics, political thought, metaphysics, and epistemology. plato’s student, aristotle, was one of the most prolific of ancient authors. he wrote treatises on each of these topics, as well as on the investigation of the natural world, including the composition of animals. the hellenists—epicurus, the cynics, the stoics, and the skeptics—developed schools or movements devoted to distinct philosophical lifestyles, each with reason at its foundation.

with this preference for reason came a critique of traditional ways of living, believing, and thinking, which sometimes caused political trouble for the philosophers themselves. xenophanes directly challenged the traditional anthropomorphic depiction of the gods, and socrates was put to death for allegedly inventing new gods and not believing in the gods mandated by the city of athens. after the fall of alexander the great, and because of aristotle’s ties with alexander and his court, aristotle escaped the same fate as socrates by fleeing athens. epicurus, like xenophanes, claimed that the mass of people is impious, since the people conceive of the gods as little more than superhumans, even though human characteristics cannot appropriately be ascribed to the gods. in short, not only did ancient greek philosophy pave the way for the western intellectual tradition, including modern science, but it also shook cultural foundations in its own time.

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