Will give brainliest

1.) how did african's in the portuguese colonies achieve independence
2.) what was apartheid and how did it function
3.) why did most african states adopt a one way party system
4.) what causes desertification in africa
5.) what subject did many african writers focus on after independence

1. African leaders organized armies to fight for independence; years of bloody warfare ended Portuguese rule.

2. policy of separating whites and nonwhites and placing restrictions upon nonwhites; enforced by police, laws

i only know 1 and 2 sorry

in the 1800s, chinese workers migrated to the united states, first to work in the gold mines, but also to take agricultural jobs, and factory work, especially in the garment industry. chinese immigrants were particularly instrumental in building railroads in the american west, and as chinese laborers grew successful in the united states, a number of them became entrepreneurs in their own right. as the numbers of chinese laborers increased, so did the strength of anti-chinese sentiment among other workers in the american economy. this finally resulted in legislation that aimed to limit future immigration of chinese workers to the united states, and threatened to sour diplomatic relations between the united states and china.