This map is depicting the 16th century route of what explorer

an expansion is one of two basic business cycle phases; the other is contraction. the transition from expansion to contraction is a peak, and the changeover from contraction to expansion is a trough.

typical characteristics of global cities include all of the following except being culturally isolationist.

explanation:

the answer here would be

the right answer is the third one: turnpikes went short distances to connect markets. turnpikes, also known as toll roads, were very important for trade and transportation (of people, goods and products) in the 19th century, coinciding with the expansion towards the west. they contributed significantly to the economic development of the united states.