Which factors contributed to the endnof open-range cattle ranching in the mid 1880s

One factor was barbed wire. As farmers and ranchers wisened up, they used the wire to fence in their cattle, destroying the use of cowboys, and taking away one aspect of the "wide open west".

Herds of cattle took over the plains and destroyed the grass. In 1883 t big drought struck and water streams dried up and prairie fires grazed. Also the barbed wire and the natural disasters. People wanted to be able to mark their property.

consider an orange peel: if you want to try and lay it flat, you have to stretch it, we know exactly how things are being stretched or squashed at any given point. we have many different map projections because each has different patterns of some projections can even preserve certain features of the earth without