Federalists, such as james madison, believed that interest groups were

Dangerous and should not be part of the American political system.

Explanation:

Federalists, such as James Madison, generally regarded interest groups with suspicion. They believed that interests groups created division within society and made consensus impossible. This was a problem, as consensus was believed to be necessary in order to legislate. They argued that factions would inevitably be selfish and would not try to operate according to the common good.

c. troops marched forward in close formation against newer, more accurate weapons

the answer would be a).