Which regions had colonies fighting for independent after wwii? africa middle east india all of the above?

The correct answer is all of above.

After the end of the WWII, a political process of decolonization was boost by the UN in order to put an end to Colonialism, which was mostly of European origin, and that gave rise to the national independence of many countries mainly across Africa and Asia. Important examples of these struggles taking place in European colonies were India and Pakistan, which got their independence from the UK in 1947; Jordan got its independence from the UK in 1946; Laos did the same in 1949 ending the French rule; Libya got its independence from Italy in 1951. Algeria fought against the French control for eight years and got its independence in 1962. Many other countries followed this same process for many decades, all of them in the regions of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.

the answer is a) james madison.

for this case we have the following equation:

we apply distributive property to the terms within parentheses.

subtracting 2 on both sides of the equation: