Which of the following describes a major difference between the philosophies of john locke and jean-jacques rousseau? a. john locke argued that humans are naturally evil, while jean-jacques rousseau argued that humans are naturally good. b. john locke favored a constitutional monarchy, while jean-jacques rousseau favored a democratic republic. c. john locke argued that humans are naturally good, while jean-jacques rousseau argued that humans are naturally evil. d. both john locke and jean-jacques rousseau both influenced the government of the french revolution.

 B.John Locke favored a constitutional monarchy, while Jean-Jacques Rousseau favored a democratic republic.

Context/detail:

John Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government (1690) is referred to often in our modern political studies.  Locke's First Treatise on Civil Government doesn't get much attention anymore, but it was also a very good book.  The purpose of his First Treatise was to debunk the idea of divine right monarchy -- the notion that hereditary dynasties of kings have received their authority and position by appointment from God.  That notion of government had to be taken out of the way philosophically before a new plan could be built (as was then done in the Second Treatise). The Second Treatise laid out plans for a more constitutional form of government, with legislatures serving as the main power of government and a monarch more of an executive officer for the government.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau pushed the concepts of enlightened politics even further than others of his era.  His most influential political writing was The Social Contract (1762).  He stated that the social contract is basically an agreement on the part of an entire society to be governed by the collective will of the people.  Self-interest is subdued and subjugated by this “general will.”  In Rousseau’s terms, liberty means being compelled to follow what is best for everyone; persons in the minority will be compelled to see things as the general will sees things.  Rousseau argued for a full participatory democracy, in which any elected leaders are merely charged with carrying out the will of the people:

relations between the soviet union and the united states were driven by a complex interplay of ideological, political, and economic factors, which led to shifts between cautious cooperation and often bitter superpower rivalry over the years. the distinct differences in the political systems of the two countries often prevented them from reaching a mutual understanding on key policy issues and even, as in the case of the cuban missile crisis, brought them to the brink of war.

the united states government was initially hostile to the soviet leaders for taking russia out of world war i and was opposed to a state ideologically based on communism. although the united states embarked on a famine relief program in the soviet union in the early 1920s and american businessmen established commercial ties there during the period of the new economic policy (1921–29), the two countries did not establish diplomatic relations until 1933. by that time, the totalitarian nature of joseph stalin's regime presented an insurmountable obstacle to friendly relations with the west. although world war ii brought the two countries into alliance, based on the common aim of defeating nazi germany, the soviet union's aggressive, antidemocratic policy toward eastern europe had created tensions even before the war ended.

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