What qualities define power struggles and stable periods of rule

Power struggle is a situation in which there are at least two groups or organizations that compete for influence. The winner is the person or group who makes his structure prevail. For example, when electing authorities, the main political parties compete to gain power. Stable periods of rule are periods of time in which there are no or little changes in the way of conducting a government, a company, etc.

the answer is a) james madison.

b. the passage of the equal rights amendment  

explanation:

this mean that anything that someone else could do they could do