Which of the following political factions challenged the validity of the northwest ordinance’s prohibition of slavery by the late 1850s? a.) northern democrats b.) southern democrats c.) republicans d.) free-soilers.

Southern Democrats is the correct answer.

It was the issue of slavery which mainly divided US into northern and southern states and further Democratic party into southern Democrats and Northern Democrats. The Southern Democrats were pro-slavery and thus challenged the Northwest Ordinance's prohibition of slavery by the late 1850s.

the safahids used force when persuasion to convert from being a sunni muslim to embrace shi'ism was not effective. they also persecute shi'ites who have different views from their imposed teachings.

the answer to your question is

the treaty of hopewell