What led to the formation of political parties?

The answer is B: The writers of the Constitution disagreed on ideology.

The first party ever made in the U.S. was the Federalist, in 1787. Being led by Alexander Hamilton and other leaders (mainly bankers, northern businessmen, merchants, etc), they promoted the belief that Constitution was open to interpretation, thus the government had "unmentioned rights" to have additional powers, and also found necessary a strong national government and a national bank, as well as a good relationship with England.

However, a lot of people disagreed on his policies especially planters, small farmers, and artisans, therefore around a year later The Democratic-Republican party was made, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. They strongly opposed to the Federalist interpretation of the Constitution as well as the idea of a strong government and leaned to give more power to the states and local governments instead. In contrast, they preferred to have a good relationship with France, and not Britain.

there is no photo, therefore i can not answer your question.

b) the confederacy had to pay all union war expenses.