Which early political party formed to promote a loose construction of the constitution and a strong central government?

Anti-Federalist.  They opposed big government.  They prioritize state rights.  They do not want big government because of their experience under British rule where they were not  represented and the British imposed too many unfair taxes on them which led to the Revolutionary War.

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lincoln won 212 electoral votes to mcclellan's 21 votes, and lincoln beat mcclellan. is the main reason lincoln won in 1864.