Gave conquistadors the right to set up outposts and settlements in the americas.

radioactive dating, also known as  radioisotope dating  is a process that in  estimating the approximate  age  of  rocks. these data can be analyzed from  the studies dealing with the  decay of the radioactive elements that are present in these rocks. in nature, there are a few types of materials or atoms which are quite unstable and they spontaneously decay or breakdown to form other kinds of atoms.

b toward the volcano.landward. the landward side of something is the side nearest to the land or facing the land, rather than the sea.