Separation from a main group to form a new group as a result of disunity is called

Segregation

Explanation:

Segregation is the process of dissociation whereby individuals and groups lose physical and social contact with other individuals and groups. This social and physical separation or distance comes from biological and social factors such as race, wealth, education, religion, profession, nationality, etc. In other words, we might call segregation a situation where the separation of a main group occurs to form a new group as a result of disunity.

the right answer is the third one: turnpikes went short distances to connect markets. turnpikes, also known as toll roads, were very important for trade and transportation (of people, goods and products) in the 19th century, coinciding with the expansion towards the west. they contributed significantly to the economic development of the united states.