By the late 1800s, was largely made up of citizens who did not speak a common language and did not share one another's cultural values.

Chicago

This resulted in delinquency and crime gaining tract as a growing problem. Consequently, there was need for a solution to the problem which contributed to the development of the Chicago school of criminology. This is one of the most valid theories of crime which can be applied to solve crime.

d. promised it other land

i believe your answer is d)