Choose the correct citation for the case which established the "minimum contacts" test for a court's jurisdiction in a case.

International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945), was a breakthrough decision of the Supreme Court of the United States where the Court held that particularly a corporation/party, may be subject to a state court’s jurisdiction if a corporation/party has "minimum contacts" with that state. “Minimum contacts”, a name applied in the civil procedure’s law of United States, decide whether it is proper for a court in one state to proclaim individual jurisdiction over a suspect from another state.

EXPLANATION:

A party's actions within a state can offer the base for that state to own jurisdiction over that certain party. The Supreme Court has organized that the state can appropriately proclaim the party's "purposeful availment’s jurisdiction based on the benefits and protections" provided by a state.

·      General vs. specific jurisdiction

The essential contacts that a party must-have for one state to proclaim individual jurisdiction may differ relied on the connection between the claim and the contacts carried out against that party. General jurisdiction happens where a law court in a certain state has jurisdiction over a suspect in that state regardless of the notion of the claim; but if the state is asserted to have jurisdiction over a suspect because the suspect’s activities in that state presented rise to the claim itself, it would be particular jurisdiction.

·      Presence

A party who obtains process service (a formal report that they are being prosecuted) while substantially appear in a state is correctly subject to individual jurisdiction in that state. The defence for the regulation is undefined.  

·      Commercial activities

Simply positioning commodities in the "stream of commerce" is inadequate to offer minimum contacts with the states where the commodities finish up. The suspect must attempt to sell in the forum state or if not firmly advantage himself of the supplies of that state. However, because there are only four of the nine Supreme Court Justices associated the view that needed a suspect to do more than locate his products in a "stream of commerce," some lower law courts still regulate that doing it is sufficient for a court to implement individual jurisdiction. Claims occurring from the offense of denigration are preserved by a dissimilar standard.

·      Internet activities

Courts have problems with the Internet as a basis of minimum contacts. Even though not determinately built by the Supreme Court, most of the courts use the Zippo test, which tests the type of use to which a suspect’s website is being placed. Under this examination, websites are categorized into three categories. They are passive websites, interactive websites, and commercial websites.

LEARN MORE

If you’re interested in learning more about this topic, we recommend you to also take a look at the following questions:

•In the United States the government creates laws and regulations that business activities to prevent wrong doing:

KEYWORDS: minimum contacts, jurisdiction

Subject  : History

Class  : 10-12

Sub-Chapter: American History

increases in demand are shown by a shift to the right in the demand curve. this could be caused by a number of factors, including a rise in income, a rise in the price of a substitute or a fall in the price of a complement.

which the answer is:

b