A  grandfather clause was a law that. a.required voters to pay a tax in order to vote. b. required voters to pass a test in order to vote. c. allowed white voters to avoid discriminatory laws. d. allowed only older african americans to vote.    c. allowed white voters to avoid discriminatory laws.

C.allowed white voters to avoid discriminatory laws.

Explanation:

The Thirteenth Amendment, ratified in 1865 after the Civil War, prohibited slavery within the United States by giving certain citizenship to former slaves. The Fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including due process and equal protection clauses. But it had a ruling, since discrimination to the right to vote on racial grounds was not expressly prohibited.

This situation was solved by the Fifteenth Amendment, ratified on February 3, 1870. In addition, congress was given powers to supervise the state electoral processes and thus control that there was no discrimination whatsoever. But at the end of Reconstruction, the democratic legislators of the southern states found new means to curtail the voting rights of blacks, through intimidation, violence and Jim Crow laws. In the period from 1890 to 1908, 10 states modified their state constitutions with new provisions that included literacy tests, capitation taxes or Grandfather Clauses that allowed people to vote because their grandparents already had that right that they otherwise would not have been able to vote , some illiterate whites were able to vote thanks to these provisions. Although its purpose was to curtail the electoral rights of people of color, as they applied to all voters, the Supreme Court ruled that these provisions were constitutional in a lawsuit of 1875 (United States vs. Cruikshank). Over the years the Supreme Court was declaring these provisions unconstitutional, in litigation that was presented by people of color throughout the twentieth century. Given this, southern states protected themselves from these litigation by changing their laws to remain legal, causing that in the 1960s most of the southern states the majority of the African-American population did not have the right to vote.

Explanation:

worldwide, 780 million people do not have access to an improved water source. an estimated 2.5 billion people lack access to improved sanitation (more than 35% of the world's population)