James has got a place to run the London Marathon. He sets himself a 9 month aerobic training programme so that he will be fit enough to run the full marathon distance which is just over 26 miles. Discus the cardiovascular adaptations that will occur as a result of the aerobic training programme and how these changes might improve James’s long distance running performance. (9 marks)

Polydactyly is expressed when an individual has extra fingers and/or toes. assume that a man with six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot marries a woman with a normal number of digits. having extra digits is caused by a dominant allele. the couple has a son with normal hands and feet, but the couple's second child has extra digits. what is the probability that their next child will have polydactyly? polydactyly is expressed when an individual has extra fingers and/or toes. assume that a man with six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot marries a woman with a normal number of digits. having extra digits is caused by a dominant allele. the couple has a son with normal hands and feet, but the couple's second child has extra digits. what is the probability that their next child will have polydactyly? 1/8 1/32 3/4 7/16 1/2