Explain the reason why studies of the health effects of smoking among individuals who smoke would not be a concern of environmental epidemiology. Why is exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke a concern of this discipline?

In some cultures , smoking is also carried out as a part of various rituals , where participants use it to help induce trance - like states that they believe, can lead the to spiritual enlightenment.

answer;

no:

a diagnostic thoracoscopy is always included in the surgical vats

explanation;

vats means video assisted thoracic surgery.

thoracoscopy is an endoscopical procedure completed on the lungs to visualize pleura, lungs and mediastinum using an endoscope

one thing to note is that a surgical thoracoscopy always includes a diagnostic thoracoscopy.

the diagnostic thoracoscopy codes are differentiated by the site and type of procedure performed.