Which of the following is one of the most common teratogens and can result in a malformed head and brain damage?
a. alcohol
b. caffeine
c. cocaine
d. mercury.

a. alcohol

Explanation:

Fetal Alcoholic Syndrome (S.A.F.) is included in the so-called prenatal influence syndromes. Unlike genetic syndromes, SAF occurs during embryo gestation and is not determined in advance by an error in genetic coding.

Alcohol consumption or abuse during pregnancy can cause the same risks of alcohol consumption in general; however, it poses additional risks to the fetus. When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, it easily crosses the placenta into the fetus. Because of this, alcohol consumption can harm the baby's development. A pregnant woman who consumes any amount of alcohol is at risk of having a child with fetal alcohol syndrome. No level of "safety" has been established with the consumption of this drink during pregnancy. Higher amounts of alcohol seem to increase the problems. Excessive alcohol consumption is more harmful than drinking small amounts of this drink.

A baby with fetal alcohol syndrome may have the following symptoms:

Poor growth while the baby is in the womb and after birth.

Decreased muscle tone and poor coordination.

Developmental delay and problems in three or more major areas: thinking, language, movement or social skills.

Cardiac abnormalities such as interventricular communication (CIV) or interatrial communication (CIA).