Your classmate has a son who just turned 4, whom she disciplines with physical punishment quite a lot. it appears to her that she is not being very effective in her discipline style and asks you your opinion regarding physical punishment. citing research, you tell her that longitudinal research has discovered that physical punishment is associated with

Hihi!

The correct answer would be a. spousal abuse in adulthood! This is because she may feel more in control of this situation than when she was the one being abused.

I hope I helped!

-Loliarual

I found the options for the questions and these are:

a. spousal abuse in adulthood

b. strong will and character in adulthood

c. development of self-control and educational attainment in adulthood

d. severe psychological problems, including psychosis

Explanation:

There is still the prevailing idea of sparing the rod and spoiling the child. However with the recent research has shown that physical punishment in childhood causes the perpetuation of the violence and later it manifests into the victimization of a spouse.

It has also been found that children experiencing harsh physical abuse are more likely to be experiencing other forms of abuse such as emotional, sexual and verbal abuse.

Undoubtedly,  children that are brought up in these unsavory conditions are most likely to continue living as such as this is they way they have been taught to manage conflict.