How did john winthrop change the government of massachusetts?          

He developed a form of government compatible with puritan beliefs and he integrated the church officials into the government structures 

Geothermic gradient is the rate of increasing temperature with respect to increasing the depth in the earths interior. away from tech tonic plates boundaries, it is about 25-40 c/km (72-87 degrees f/mi) of depth near the surface in most of the world.