he International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d'Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. The SI was established in 1960 by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM, Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures). The CGPM is the international authority that ensures wide dissemination of the SI and modifies the SI as necessary to reflect the latest advances in science and technology.
The CGPM is an intergovernmental treaty organization created by a diplomatic treaty called the Meter Convention (Convention du Mètre, often called the Treaty of the Meter in the United States). The Meter Convention was signed in Paris in 1875 by representatives of seventeen nations, including the United States. There are now 51 Member States of the Meter Convention, including all the major industrialized countries. The Convention, modified slightly in 1921, remains the basis of all international agreement on units of measurement.
The Meter Convention also created the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) and the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM, Comité International des Poids et Mesures). The BIPM, which is located in Sèvres, a suburb of Paris, France, and which has the task of ensuring worldwide unification of physical measurements, operates under the exclusive supervision of the CIPM, which itself comes under the authority of the CGPM. Â
The CGPM consists of delegates from all the Member States of the Meter Convention and currently meets every four years (the 23nd CGPM took place in November, 2003). The CIPM consists of eighteen members, each belonging to a different Member State; it currently meets every year, usually in September or October at the BIPM. Â
Suggested modifications to the SI are submitted to the CGPM by the CIPM for formal adoption. The CIPM may also on its own authority pass clarifying resolutions and recommendations regarding the SI (these resolutions and recommendations usually deal with matters of interpretation and usage). Â
To assist it in its broad spectrum of technical activities, the CIPM has set up a number of Consultative Committees (Comités Consultatifs). These committees provide the CIPM with information on matters that it refers to them for study and advice. Each Consultative Committee, the Chairman of which is normally a member of the CIPM, is composed of delegates from national metrology institutes such as NIST, specialized institutes, and other international organizations, as well as individual members. The Consultative Committee for Units (CCU, Comité Consultatif des Unités), which was set up in 1964 and which replaced the Commission for the System of Units set up by the CIPM in 1954, advises the CIPM on matters dealing with the SI. In particular, the CCU helps to draft the BIPM SI Brochure, of which NIST Special Publication 330 (SP 330) is the U.S. version.
The BIPM SI Brochure (9th Edition) was published on May 20, 2019. The corresponding editions of NIST SP 330:2019 is now available. An updated edition of SP 811 will be published soon that reflects the changes incorporated in the BIPM SI Brochure (9th Edition). Electronic copies of SP 330:2019 and SP 811:2008 are available online from the Bibliography.
The U.S. delegate to the CGPM is often the NIST Director and the U.S. member of the CIPM is Dr. Willie E. May, former Director of NIST and currently the Director, Special Research and Training Initiatives, College of Computer, Mathematical and the Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park. The current NIST delegate to the CCU is Dr. Peter Mohr of the NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory. Questions concerning the more fundamental aspects of the SI and subtle aspects of proper SI usage may be directed to him at the following address:
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