Suppose a friend is trying to claim that it is summer when Earth is closest to the Sun and winter when Earth is farthest away. Refute this claim in at least two different ways: (1) with an argument that invokes seasonal differences between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and (2) with an argument based on the times of year at which Earth actually is closest to and farthest from the Sun. Write out your arguments clearly

1) This claim is inaccurate, that there's summer when Earth is closest to the sun and winter when the planet is farthest from the sun.

2) This claim is inaccurate, because Earth is closest to the Sun on January 3-4, when it's Winter in the northern hemisphere and summer in the southern hemisphere. So why it's not Summer in both hemispheres, since the planet is closest to the Sun.

Thus, summer and winter aren't caused by the varying distance between the world and therefore the sun.

Explanation:

1)  

If it's so then why seasons are Opposite in two hemispheres. it's summer within the northern hemisphere when it's winter within the southern hemisphere. Alternatively, it's Winter within the northern hemisphere, while it's summer within the southern hemisphere.  

If the seasons occurred because of the gap from, sun, then it should be the same season in both the hemispheres, when Earth is farthest and closest from the Sun. Why are seasons different in both hemispheres. So this claim is inaccurate.

2)  

Earth is farthest from the Sun on the Fourth of July, which is really summer in the northern hemisphere and winter in the southern hemisphere. So why is it not winter in both the hemispheres, since the planet is Farthest from the Sun.

Here the earth's orbit isn't an ideal circle. it's elliptical, or slightly oval-shaped.  

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the answer is:

c. islam and christianity

explanation:

islam and christianity are widely practiced in africa. islam is practiced due to its spread from the middle east into africa, and christianity is practiced due to the colonization of africa by the british empire.