What four different factors does the un consider when determining a country's level of development, it's hdi

What was istanbul called before he ottomans conquered the city in the 15th century

According ti the following map, what are the most common mineral resources found in the united states?

Read the article titled "trans-saharan migration routes to north africa and the eu: historical roots and current trends." why do tens of thousands of sub-saharan africans try to cross the mediterranean each year? how are these refugees commonly portrayed? (site 1)