What is the difference between rapids and waterfalls?

The difference(s) between the grand canyon and valles marineris is/are: (a) the grand canyon was formed by water, but valles marineris was not. (a) valles marineris is much longer than the grand canyon. (c) valles marineris is much wider than the grand canyon. (d) valles marineris has large volcanoes near it. all of the above

In the figure, polygon abcd is transformed to create polygon a′b′c′d′. this transformation is a by a factor of .

As water is cooled from 4 c to 0 c its density