Briefly describe how the Earth's atmosphere
is heated.​

Due to the chemical composition of the earth's atmosphere, most of the infrared radiation emitted by the warm surface never reaches space. Instead the radiation is reflected or absorbed by compounds known as greenhouse gasses. When these compounds absorb the infrared radiation from the surface, the atmosphere heats up.

c. seafloor spreading occurs.

d. crust becomes molten rock.

e. denser plates slide under lighter plates.