(Why was Somalia's economy in a weakened state shortly after it gained independence? Its government had collapsed and a civil war was under way.
Its infrastructure was destroyed, and famines were widespread.
It had few exports and little infrastructure.
It was immediately recolonized by Britain.)

Its government had collapsed and a civil war was underway.

Explanation:

Somalia, since it gained independence, has never managed to stabilize. Shortly after its independence, the government collapsed, and the country has not managed to cope with it ever since. The situation is so bad that it is one of the top unsafe places on Earth for decades.

The reason why Somalia is in such a situation is that multiple radical groups are fighting for dominance, and none of them are actually a good choice to come to power. The leaders of the fractions vary from authoritarians to military generals, religious fanatics, and terrorists. The people don't have basic conditions for living, where even food and water are scarce let alone other things. Everyone can end up dead without any reason and without any consequences for the person that would do it. This is also the reason why Somalia is one of the countries with the highest attempts for migration of the country.

answer; (d) melting of sea ice;