A long period of worldwide colder temperatures

The sun's parallax would be 180 degrees, greater than which you can't get.  so a. would be your anwser 

Answera discharge of static electricity;

Maybe on the physical part? i dunno i just guessed plus i really need the points

Separated the laws of islam from the laws of the nationreplaced the old muslim calender with the gregorian calender  abolished religious courts and created a new legal system based on european law as opposed to the previous system based on the islamic law code granted women the right to vote and to hold public office launched government-funded programs to industrialize turkey and to spur the economic growth attempted to modernize turkey by banning the fez which was of greek origin marriage was considered civil and not religious and polygamy was abolished women were given the right to vote in all elections