In two or thee sentences, define an externality and explain how the government ensures that companies take responsibility for negative externalities

Government can play a role in reducing negative externalities by taxing goods when their production generates spillover costs. This taxation effectively increases the cost of producing such goods.

This would be an open primary. a closed primary people can vote only prior to election day if the party if they are registered. independent voters can not participate. there is not a wide-open primary, but there is a semi-open primary.

Answerbecause of improved transportation, communication, and other advantages;