Three of these high mountains have emerged as a result of the african and arabian plates crashing with the eurasian plate. which is not one of them?
a. taurus
b. appalachians
c. atlas
d. elburz

The correct answer is - B. Appalachians.

Taurus, Atlas, and Elbruz are all mountains created by the collision of the African and Arabian tectonic plates with the Eurasian tectonic plate. The African and Arabian plates are pushing towards the bigger Eurasian plate and they lift the surround area up and thus creating mountain ranges close to the border lines. Unlike these three mountains, the Appalachians are nowhere near this region and are in no way affected by the collision of the mentioned tectonic plates, the Appalachians are located in the Eastern part of the United States of America.

d. stage 4

explanation:

the existence of some kind of demographic transition is widely accepted in the social sciences because of the well-established historical correlation linking dropping fertility to social and economic development.[1] scholars debate whether industrialization and higher incomes lead to lower population, or whether lower populations lead to industrialization and higher incomes. scholars also debate to what extent various proposed and sometimes inter-related factors such as higher per capita income,lower mortality, old-age security, and rise of demand for human capital are involved.[2]