What is the name of the location on the surface of Earth that receives insolation when the Sun is directly overhead? (When this occurs, the Sun's rays are perpendicular to this surface.)

subsolar point

Explanation:

Subsolar point -

It refers to the point or the area , on the planet Earth , where the location of the sun is exactly over head , i.e. , the rays of sun hit the surface with an angle of exactly 90 degrees , is referred to as the subsolar point .

Hence , in this area the shadow of any object is exactly below to that object .

Hence , from the given information of the question ,

The correct answer is subsolar point .

d is the logical answer but im not a 100% sure