Lichens, represented by this symbiotic relationship, are responsible for or the establishment of a new site for plant growth.
A. primary succession
B. secondary succession
C. trophic metamorphosis
D. ecological infiltration

the proximity of water was an advantage to western europe and its culture was able to flourish as a result. trade and travel by sea were easier and safer in historical times.

1. there are no mountains to protect it from the sea

2. and its has wet cool summers and wet, mild winters.