Astronomers theorize that a black hole forms when a massive object shrinks catastrophically under its own gravity, leaving only a gravitational field so strong that nothing escapes it. astronomers must infer the existence of black holes, which are invisible, from their gravitational influence on the visible bodies surrounding them. for example, observations indicate that gas clouds in galaxy m87 are whirling unusually fast about the galaxy's center. most astronomers believe that the large concentration of mass at the galaxy's center is a black hole whose gravity is causing the gas to whirl. a few skeptics have argued that the concentration of mass necessary to explain the speed of the whirling gas is not necessarily a black hole: the concentration in m87 might be a cluster of a billion or so dim stars.