11- explain how carbon moves through the earth system (including the geosphere) and how it may benefit (e. g., improve soils for agriculture) or harm (e. g., act as a pollutant) society

The Carbon Cycle. The main benefits are Plant growth and enrichment of agricultural soils. The main Harms are air pollution

Explanation:

Carbon movement on Earth is best-explained trough the Carbon Cycle, in this cycle carbon is stored, moves or is exchanged between the biosphere, the Atmosphere, Oceans, and the Geosphere.

Atmosphere storages big quantities of carbon. this carbon then cycles to the Biosphere where it is used mainly by the plants on the photosynthesis and respiration processes.

Oceans also plays an important role in the cycle by photosynthesis of seagrass and algae, the air and the sea also exchanges carbon present in the surface ocean. But also large amounts of carbon are stored in the deep ocean (about 37,000 gigatons of carbon per year).

In the Geosphere the Carbon Cycle is slower because it involves processes like rain that forms carbonic acid when in contact with the rocks, this acid promotes chemical weathering on rocks releasing elements like calcium and magnesium that are carried over to the oceans, in the oceans, Calcium carbonate is formed trough the calcification of organisms that are layered throughout the years, this calcium carbonate is then cemented and turned to rock. Organic carbon is also present in the Geosphere as a result of dead plant matter.

This carbon stored in the lithosphere is released back to the atmosphere through volcanism, and the cycle repeats.

societies greatly benefit from carbon because of the plant respiration and growth process, also carbon is an element present on rich soils for agriculture.

The main harm to society is air pollution. Humans emissions have an important impact on carbon cycle by adding more C02 to the atmosphere in the form of Black carbon (produced by combustion process) and because of deforestation, the Carbon exchange with plants is reduced, increasing pollutants to the air.

the answer is:

c. islam and christianity

explanation:

islam and christianity are widely practiced in africa. islam is practiced due to its spread from the middle east into africa, and christianity is practiced due to the colonization of africa by the british empire.