The limitations of environmental epidemiology include the fact that?

a) accurate assessment of exposure is difficult

b) environmentally associated diseases often have low incidence and prevalence

c) long latency periods often occur between initial exposures and diseases outcomes

d) the effects of exposures are often nonspecific

e) all of the above

e) All of the above

Explanation:

As epidemiology is concerned with the study of distribution and determinants of health diseases And is thus controlled by health problems in a population. It's concerned with methods of study design and descriptive-analytical studies, concerns with population use analytical data. The cause of health effects on the population at large and also includes the study on the air, water, and other industrial impacts. All these factors like the accuracy in the exposure of the accurate assessment and the environment associated disease produced over a longer latency period often between the periods of diseases and their outcomes.

Ibelieve it would be d. philosophy.hope it !