An intrusive igneous rock that originally fills up a horizontal fracture between sedimentary layers; however, so much magma accumulates, that the laccolith pushes up the overlying sedimentary layers; thus a laccolith is a bubble of magma that separates sedimentary strata.

Laccolith

Explanation:

A laccolith is an intrusion with the shape of a mushroom that grows under the earth's surface. This happens when liquid magma exceeds its way between 2 layers of rock, causing the overlying sediments to puff out as the feature increases. Eventually, this causes the origin of small hills and mountains surrounding the top of the mountain.

d. stage 4

explanation:

the existence of some kind of demographic transition is widely accepted in the social sciences because of the well-established historical correlation linking dropping fertility to social and economic development.[1] scholars debate whether industrialization and higher incomes lead to lower population, or whether lower populations lead to industrialization and higher incomes. scholars also debate to what extent various proposed and sometimes inter-related factors such as higher per capita income,lower mortality, old-age security, and rise of demand for human capital are involved.[2]