Describe the amount of the time needed for ecosystem recovery

It depends on the ecosystem being described. 
Most of the recovery time as studies suggest indicate a 2-10 years minimum in period. However, due to the ongoing human activity between the environment and the utilization of resources it seems that the environment itself is gradually recovering and exponentially degrading. 

An ecosystem involves both the biological (plants, animals, human beings) and non-biological (land, water, soil, and atmosphere) community which interacts as a system. More importantly, the living things are very dependent on the abiotic community since it cannot survive by itself. Every animal, plant and human needs the primary physiological needs of water, food and shelter provided by the abiotic system.   

Can you provide the categories and list?

He used the metaphor autumn