When a speaker insults his or her opponent personally rather than focusing on the argument, what type of fallacy is being used? a. ad hoc b. ad hominem c. false causality d. straw man

B. Ad hominem.

Explanation:

Ad hominem (against the man, as it would translate literally) is an argumentative fallacy in which an opponent to a claim focuses not on the logical or argumentative contents of the claim but rather goes after the speaker of the claim, addressing a personal, ethnical, or societal factor concerning the speaker but not the argument.  

faithful servants eumaeus and philaetius:

his ragged vest then drawn aside disclosed the sign conspicuous, and the scar exposed: eager they view'd, with joy they stood amazed with tearful eyes o'er all their master gazed:

these servants know ulysses by the scar he got when he was a child - so when he showed them the mark, they immediately knew this is truly their master and they hugged him, finally starting to believe his words.

not exaxtly

explanation: it depends on the situation like if u do something good there will be good consequences which arent punishments but if you do somthing bad there will be bad consequences which are punishements.