Which sentence elements can be used as nouns or noun substitutes

In 250-300 words, discuss jem’s character development in to kill a mockingbird. how does he grow and change? what are the major events that affect that change?

Is expression of words or ideas opposed to what is literally meant or expected called.

What reasons does the speaker provide to support his viewpoint or claim in what to the slave is the fourth of july i read to speech and but i just don't fully understand the question i just want to make sure i get it right so to explain that the question is asking me to do. and you!