An effective argument acknowledges the claims made by opponents and refutes these claims with counterclaims. in the first paragraph of his argument, what does madison acknowledge about criticisms of existing governments? how might this appeal to anti-federalists?

madison begins perhaps the most famous of the federalist papers by stating that one of the strongest arguments in favor of the constitution is the fact that it establishes a government capable of controlling the violence and damage caused by factions. madison defines factions as groups of people who gather together to protect and promote their special economic interests and political opinions. although these factions are at odds with each other, they frequently work against the public interest, and infringe upon the rights of others.

both supporters and opponents of the plan are concerned with the political instability produced by rival factions. the state governments have not succeeded in solving this problem; in fact, the situation is so problematic that people are disillusioned with all politicians and blame government for their problems. consequently, a form of popular government that can deal successfully with this problem has a great deal to recommend it.

given the fact that the question is about the detail that best support the idea that oppressive leaders use   propaganda to achieve thir goals,   the first option does not refer to any kind of propaganda, since it only tells about that the milk and the windfall apple should be reserved for the pigs. in the second option, that is, "snowball and napoleon sent out flights of pigeons whose instructions were to mingle with the animals on the neighbouring farms, tell them the story of the rebellion, and teach them the tune of "beasts of england". it can be identified that the oppressors make use of the propaganda, which is represented by the pigeons, and the information they have to tell other animals about what was happening in the farm in order to get their objectives. for that reason, the right answer is the second option, taking into account that the third option do not refer to propaganda since it only talks about that they did not want jones back. and, finally, the last option refers to the result of the given news, but it does not mean about the propaganda they used to achieve their goals.