Half hang Mary questions can anyone help me to answer please

The following passage is an example of what type of text structure tornados are caused by unstable air interacting with the wind sheer the resulting formation can cause devastating effects

It is true that prior to 1914 the united states often had been disturbed by events in other continents. we had even engaged in two wars with european nations and in a number of undeclared wars in the west indies, in the mediterranean and in the pacific for the maintenance of american rights and for the principles of peaceful commerce. but in no case had a serious threat been raised against our national safety or our continued independence. what is the theme of this excerpt? a. the responsibility for americans to avoid involvement in war.b. america’s history of international involvement.c. a new kind of threat to american security.d. america’s history as a peaceful nation.

In figure 4 of the telephone components what do the labels lettered a to e