3. Researchers are interested in parenting and self-esteem. Sixty children between the ages of 8 and 12 years complete a brief questionnaire assessing self-esteem. Children's parents also complete an interview describing their discipline methods. These researchers predict that punitive tactics are associated with levels of self-esteem. Is this a correlation or an experiment with independent and dependent variables? Explain your response.

What method(s) are used? What are the strengths and limits of this method(s)?

4. Researchers are interested in the development of emotion management. Three groups of children (3-5-year-old, 5-7-year-old, and 7-9-year-old) played a game in which they were asked to "hide" their emotional expression. Half of the children were asked to "hide" happiness (i. e., told that if you are too happy after winning the basketball game, your best friend on the other team might feel sad) and the other half are asked to "hide" disappointment (i. e., told that you received socks as a birthday gift from your grandparents). Children were videotaped and given an emotion management score. The experimenters predicted that the oldest children would be able to "hide" emotions easily, but that the younger children would find it easier to mask a positive emotion than a negative emotion.

Is this a correlation or an experiment with independent and dependent variables? Explain your response.

What method(s) are used? What are the strengths and limits of this method(s)?