Verbs ending in -ing and act as a noun are

Which is easier to identify direct or indirect characterization? why

What is edwin's character inferences in dust by charles grayson? ?

Why was west berlin in rubble "four decades ago"? a.that part of germany had been bombed during world war ii. b. reagan misspoke, as berlin was not in rubble 40 years ago. c. west berlin's highways were under construction.