Which detail best shapes the central idea that the Japanese art of boat building is taught using unconventional learning methods? School of Hard Knots by Alex Hanson The typical apprenticeship with a Japanese traditional boatbuilder lasts six years, during which an apprentice can expect to spend a lot of time sweeping the shop floor and sharpening tools while watching the master ply his trade. Work is conducted in silence, questions are answered elliptically, if at all, and, by the end, the master will have withheld key pieces of knowledge that the apprentice is expected to acquire through guile or outright theft. Even in Japan, where traditional crafts are revered, this system is too grueling, too much at odds with modern life, to survive. It is no wonder, then, that as a generation of Japanese boatwrights has retired, their knowledge has retired with them. Vermont boatbuilder Douglas Brooks is trying to ensure that the centuries-old designs for fishing boats and water taxis don't follow these craftsmen to the grave. For more than two decades, Brooks has researched traditional boatmaking in Japan, and has done short, nontraditional apprenticeships to record boat designs. Ordinarily, no Westerner would have a hope of learning in a few weeks what usually takes years of patient observation to acquire. "They're willing to teach me because they realize what's about to be lost," Brooks says. The challenge of preserving this art is largely pedagogical, and that's the subject of "Ways of Learning," a slide talk Brooks gives through the Vermont Humanities Council's speakers bureau. Through his talk, Brooks has stimulated a debate about how traditional crafts are handed down. His American audiences expect collegiality and dialogue between student and teacher and are often shocked to hear about the Japanese method.