Read and write the answer to the given question below... People have been trying for centuries to prove that aliens exist. But no one has yet been able to do it. Therefore, aliens do not exist. { highlight text = herefore, aliens do not exist. }

1. Which of the following logical fallacies does the author commit upon concluding that "Aliens do not exist"?

a) Begging the question, present in an argument in which the arguer asks his or her opponent to simply accept a conclusion absent any real evidence; the argument either relies on a premise that says the same thing as the conclusion (commonly referred to as “being circular” or “circular reasoning”) or simply ignores an important (but questionable) assumption that the argument rests on.

b) Appeal to ignorance, present in an argument in which the arguer relies on the supposition that, due to a lack of conclusive evidence, the conclusion of an argument should be accepted.

c) Ad populum, present in an argument in which the arguer takes advantage of the desire most people have to be liked and to fit in with others, using that desire to try to get the audience to accept his or her argument.

d) False dichotomy, present in an argument in which the arguer makes it look as though the answer to a question admits of only two alternatives (one that is logical and one that is illogical), when, in reality, there are multiple undisclosed options available.

e) Appeal to Fear, present in an argument in which the arguer relies on the instillation of fear in the opponent, rather than the presentation of evidence, to support a claim. (Also known as a “scare tactic”.)

b) Appeal to ignorance, present in an argument in which the arguer relies on the supposition that, due to a lack of conclusive evidence, the conclusion of an argument should be accepted.

Explanation:

  The logical fallacy of appeal to ignorance is when an argument's conclusion is based on the absence of any evidence proving against it. In other words, an appeal to ignorance is when an arguer relies on the supposition that the lack of any evidence proving otherwise makes his conclusion acceptable and right.

In the given case of the existence of aliens, the speaker decides that "[since] no one has yet been able to [prove that aliens exist]", therefore, it must be true and accepted that "aliens do not exist." This argument follows the logical fallacy of an appeal to ignorance.

Thus, the correct answer is option b.  

2nd option

explanation:

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)