Read the excerpt from Kant’s “What is Enlightenment?” and answer the question. Thus it is very difficult for the individual to work himself out of the nonage which has become almost second nature to him. He has even grown to like it, and is at first really incapable of using his own understanding because he has never been permitted to try it. Dogmas and formulas, these mechanical tools designed for reasonable use--or rather abuse--of his natural gifts, are the fetters of an everlasting nonage. The man who casts them off would make an uncertain leap over the narrowest ditch, because he is not used to such free movement. That is why there are only a few men who walk firmly, and who have emerged from nonage by cultivating their own minds.

In the passage, Kant introduces one of his primary metaphors for the importance of enlightenment. Which of the following quotes that appear later in the essay, complete this metaphor?

1 “At last free thought acts even on the fundamentals of government and the state finds it agreeable to treat man, who is now more than a machine, in accord with his dignity."
2 “There will always be a few independent thinkers, even among the self-appointed guardians of the multitude.”
3 “But should a society of ministers, say a Church Council, . . . have the right to commit itself by oath to a certain unalterable doctrine, in order to secure perpetual guardianship over all its members and through them over the people?”
4 “By "public use of one's reason" I mean that use which a man, as scholar, makes of it before the reading public”